Highlights Of Earth Island Journal Exclusive Interview with Dr. Gladys Kalema

A Trailblazer in Wildlife Conservation

Nearly thirty years ago, Dr. Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka emerged as Uganda’s first national wildlife veterinarian. At a time when few women were involved in conservation, she broke barriers by establishing the veterinary unit at the Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) fresh from the Royal Veterinary College of London. Her pioneering efforts have focused on protecting Uganda’s wildlife, particularly its endangered mountain gorillas, while also improving the well-being of local communities through a holistic “one health” approach.

Early Challenges and Insights

In her early years with the UWA, Kalema-Zikusoka encountered the intertwined health challenges of humans and gorillas sharing habitats in Uganda’s montane forests. A significant scabies outbreak among gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in 1996 highlighted the risk of disease transmission between humans and wildlife. This experience underscored the necessity of addressing the health of local communities to safeguard gorilla population partly through gorilla trekking.

Foundation of Conservation Through Public Health (CTPH)

These insights led Kalema-Zikusoka to establish Conservation Through Public Health (CTPH) in 2003. The NGO addresses critical health and sanitation needs in communities near forests, aiming to reduce disease transmission from humans to gorillas and improve local livelihoods. Over two decades, her initiatives have contributed to increasing the mountain gorilla population from around 650 in 1996 to over 1,000 today.

Recognition and Achievements

Kalema-Zikusoka’s work has garnered numerous accolades, including the 2009 Whitley Gold Award for biodiversity advocates and the 2021 UNEP Champion of the Earth for Science and Innovation. In 2023, she was named one of BBC’s 100 inspiring and influential women. Her memoir, “Walking with Gorillas,” published last year, chronicles her groundbreaking journey in conservation.

Key Lessons in Sustainable Conservation

Reflecting on her experiences, Kalema-Zikusoka emphasizes the importance of engaging governments and local communities in conservation efforts. Effective conservation requires meaningful discussions with government officials to gain support and organizing strategic planning workshops to ensure government buy-in. Moreover, she advocates for involving local communities, who directly interact with wildlife, in developing solutions to conservation challenges.

African-led Conservation Initiatives

Kalema-Zikusoka stresses the necessity of African-led conservation efforts for long-term success. She co-founded the African Primate Society (APS) in 2016 to amplify African voices in primate conservation. The APS conferences have significantly increased African participation, with a majority of delegates being African primatologists, fostering local leadership and engagement in conservation.

The Role of Women in Conservation

In a field historically dominated by men, Kalema-Zikusoka highlights the unique contributions of women in conservation. Women are often more collaborative and holistic in their approach, working effectively with various stakeholders. Their involvement in healthcare-linked conservation initiatives has encouraged more women to engage in wildlife protection, achieving greater gender balance in the field.

Tourism and Conservation

Kalema-Zikusoka acknowledges the dual role of tourism as both a boon and a challenge for conservation. While tourism generates essential funding for conservation and supports local communities, overreliance on tourism can be risky, as demonstrated during the COVID-19 pandemic. She advocates for sustainable tourism practices that protect wildlife from human diseases and promote local entrepreneurship.

Village Health and Conservation Teams (VHCTs)

The VHCT initiative trains community volunteers to deliver health and conservation education. By leveraging existing health structures, VHCTs have proven sustainable and effective in improving both human and wildlife health. The program has expanded to regions like Mount Elgon National Park and Virunga National Park, adapting to local contexts and challenges.

Future of Gorilla Conservation

Despite the growth in the gorilla population, Kalema-Zikusoka emphasizes the need for continued conservation efforts, veterinary care, and community engagement. Expanding protected areas and integrating healthcare and livelihood support are crucial for sustaining the gorilla population.

Inspiring Change and Hope

Kalema-Zikusoka’s dedication to conservation, driven by her faith and the tangible impacts of her work, continues to inspire. Her efforts have not only protected wildlife but also fostered a new generation of conservationists. By championing local leadership and engaging women in conservation, she ensures that Uganda’s wildlife heritage will be preserved for future generations.